Quantifying strong seismic propagation effects in the upper volcanic edifice using sensitivity kernels

In volcanic environments, the correct interpretation of signals recorded by a seismic station is critical for determination internal state volcano. Those contain information about both source and properties path travelled wave. Therefore, understanding effect necessary inversions geophysical investigation volcanoes' at depth. We present an application adjoint methodology sensitivity kernel analysis to investigate wave propagation effects in upper edifice. do this performing systematic numerical simulations calculate synthetic seismograms two-dimensional models Mount Etna, Italy, considering different velocity properties. relationship between portions seismogram parts structural volcano model. particular, we examine influence known near-surface low-velocity structure on signals. Results improve our ability understand highlighting importance shallowest shaping support recent studies that show that, although long-period events are commonly associated with magma movements resonant conduits, these can be reproduced without presence fluids. conclude edifice heterogeneities impart key signatures traces must considered when investigating sources.